![]() Crystallized intelligence correlates with abilities that depend on knowledge and experience, such as vocabulary, general information, and analogies. Like fluid ability’s relation to crystallized intelligence, Piaget’s operativity is considered to be prior to, and ultimately provides the foundation for, everyday learning.įluid intelligence generally correlates with measures of abstract reasoning and puzzle solving. Crystallized ability and Piaget’s treatment of everyday learning reflect the impress of experience. Fluid ability and Piaget’s operative intelligence both concern logical thinking and the education of relations. Some researchers have linked the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence to Piaget’s conception of operative intelligence and learning. This may be a result of these people investing their ability into skills that are not measured on IQ tests. Researchers have found that criminals have disproportionately low levels of crystallized intelligence. ![]() ![]() Not surprisingly, people with a high capacity of Gf tend to acquire more Gc knowledge and at faster rates. Vocabulary tests and the verbal subscale of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale are considered good measures of Gc. The prior knowledge was revised in order to accommodate the new learning. His belief that Santa lives at the North Pole was then invalidated and new knowledge is gained: there is no Santa Claus. ![]() Later, when the child is eight years old, he learns there is no Santa Claus. A five year-old child may believe that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole. An example of the flexibility of, or ability to revise, crystallized intelligence can be seen in beliefs about Santa Claus. For example, a child who has just learned to add numbers now owns a new piece of crystallized intelligence but his or her general ability to learn and understand, Gf, has not been altered. Fluid intelligence is predominant in individuals with Autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome.Ĭrystallized intelligence is possibly more amenable to change as it relies on specific, acquired knowledge. Evidence is consistent with the view that Gf is more affected by brain injury. By contrast, the other is invested in particular areas of crystallized skills which can be upset individually without affecting the others.” Thus, his claim was that each type, or factor, was independent of the other, though many authors have noted an apparent interdependence of the two.įluid intelligence includes such abilities as problem-solving, learning, and pattern recognition. Although formally recognized by Cattell, the distinction was foreshadowed by Charles Spearman who originally developed the theory of g and made a similar observation regarding the difference between eductive and reproductive mental ability.Īccording to Cattell, “…it is apparent that one of these powers… has the ‘fluid’ quality of being directable to almost any problem. The overall IQ score is based on a combination of these two scales.įluid and crystallized intelligence are discrete factors of general intelligence, or g. For example, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measures fluid intelligence on the performance scale and crystallized intelligence on the verbal scale. It is the product of educational and cultural experience in interaction with fluid intelligence.įluid and crystallized intelligence are thus correlated with each other, and most IQ tests attempt to measure both varieties. ![]() Crystallized intelligence is indicated by a person’s depth and breadth of general knowledge, vocabulary, and the ability to reason using words and numbers. Rather, they are believed to be separate neural and mental systems. The terms are somewhat misleading because one is not a “crystallized” form of the other. It should not be equated with memory or knowledge, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory. Fluid reasoning includes inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.Ĭrystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It is necessary for all logical problem solving, especially scientific, mathematical and technical problem solving. It is the ability to analyze novel problems, identify patterns and relationships that underpin these problems and the extrapolation of these using logic. In psychology, fluid and crystallized intelligence (abbreviated Gf and Gc, respectively) are factors of general intelligence originally identified by Raymond Cattell.įluid intelligence or fluid reasoning is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. ![]()
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